TATANAN GLOBAL PADA PEMBANGUNAN DAN EKONOMI POLITIK INTERNASIONAL SELAMA DAN PASCA PANDEMI COVID-19
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May 30, 2021
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Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic has done tremendous effects to global governance either in the aspects of economy, politics, health, diplomacy, and policy making patterns by each country in responding towards the pandemic. International relations became the main perspective that was assessed by this article by considering the impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on the international economy and political aspects. This article elaborates the global situation on the status quo of the Covid-19 pandemic to explain the opportunities, challenges, and changes those related with the IR context and the projections of the IR dynamics on the post-pandemic era after Covid-19. This article elaborated those contexts by relating with relevant IR theories such as liberalism, neorealism, regionalism, and international politics and economy theories. It can be concluded that there are 3 extracted substantial points from this article which are: There are tremendous disruption in regards of international cooperation within the global governance; changes in diplomacy and international politics that made protectionism proliferates against integration and policymaking within the global governance architecture either during pandemic or post-pandemic; shifting within the international system where regional role became prominent; and non-traditional security agenda tend to be emphasized because of the Covid-19 pandemic.
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References
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Alwi, S. (1999). Nasionalisme Ekonomi Indonesia Dalam Era Kompetisi Global. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 4(1), 59-69.
Apuzzo, M. (2020, April 24). Pressured by China, E.U. Softens Report on Covid-19 Disinformation. Dikutip dari New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/world/europe/disinformation-china-eu-coronavirus.html
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Badie, B., Berg-Schlosser, D., & Morlino, L. (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
BBC. (2020, Desember 29). China and EU 'on verge' of major investment deal. Dikutip April 19, 2021, dari BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55464564
Bobic, M. (2014). Transnational Organsed Crime and Terrorism: Nexus Needing a Human Security Framework. Global Crime, 15(3-4), 241-258. doi:10.1080/17440572.2014.927327
Breslin, S., & Higgot, R. (2000). ‘Studying Regions: Learning dari the Old, Constructing the New. New Political Economy, 5(3), 333-352.
Busby, J. (2020). What International Relations Tells Us About Covid-19. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari E- International Website: https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/83161
Butler, C. (2020, March 4). How to Fight the Economic Fallout dari Coronavirus. Chatam House. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/how-fight-economic-fallout-coronavirus?gclid=CjwKCAjwnIr1BRAWEiwA6GpwNW5oL09ArST25i_y90TSIEGGv05ZSyEz_xbGUdgHVKwdlHmgLhi8txoCbKUQAvD_BwE
Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Camus, J.-Y., & Lebourg, N. (2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press.
Clausewitz, C. V., Howard, M., Paret, P., & Brodie, B. (1984). On War (15 ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6.
Eiermann, M., Mounk, Y., & Gultchin, L. (2017). European Populism: Trends, Threats and Future Prospects. London: Tony Blair Institute For Global Change.
European Commission. (2020a). Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari European Union Global Response to Covid-19: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/topics/eu-global-responsse-covid-19_en
European Commission. (2020b). Coronavirus: European Solidarity in action. European Union.
Frieden, J. (2012). Global Economic Governance After the Crisis. Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik(13).
Gallagher, K. P. (2012). Regaining Control? Capital Controls and the Global Financial Crisis. The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis: The Rethoric of Reform and Regulation. (W. Grant, & G. K. Wilson, Eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gavin, B., & Langenhove, L. V. (2003). Trade in a World of Regions. In G. P. Sampson, & S. Woolcock (Eds.), Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Economic Integration: The Recent Experience (pp. 278-280). Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Harris, C. (n.d.). Coronavirus statistics: Latest numbers on Covid-19 cases and deaths. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/26/covid-19-coronavirus-breakdown-of-deaths-and-infections-worldwide
Higgot, R. (2012). The Theory and Practice of Global Economic Governance in the Early 21st Century: The Limits of Multilateralism. The Global Financial Crisis: The Rhetoric Reform and Regulation. (W. Grant, & G. K. Wilson, Eds.) Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Higgott, R. (2018). Globalism, Populism and the Limits of Global Economic Governance. Journal of Inter-Regional Studies: Regional and Global Perspectives (JIRS) — Vol.1, 2-23.
Jahn, B. (2018). Liberal Internationalism: Historical Trajectory and Current Prospects. International Affairs, 94(1).
Kant, I. (1795). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. London: S. Sonnenschein.
Katz, R. e. (2011, September). Defining Health Diplomacy: Changing Demands in the Era of Globalization. Milbank Quarterly, 89.
Kickbush, I., & Erk, C. (2009). Global Health Diplomacy. In A. Clapham, & M. Robinson, Realizing the Right to Health (pp. 517-524). Zurich: Ruffer and Ruby.
KPMG. (2020). European Union Government and institution measures in response to COVID-19. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2020/04/european-union-government-and-institu
Kyle, J., & Gultchin, L. (2018). Populist in Power Around the World. London: Tony Blair Institute For Global Change.
Learner, H. (2019, April). The Economic Impact of Populism. Dikutip Mei 27, 2020, dari Savills: https://www.savills.com/impacts/market-trends/the-economic-impact-of-populism.html
Locke, J. (1988). Two Treaties of the Government (TTG). (P. Laslett, Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahler, D. G. (2020, April 20). The Impact of Covid-19 on Global Poverty: Why Sub-Saharan Africa might be the region hardest hit. World Bank Blogs. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/impact-COVID-19-coronavirus-global-poverty-why-sub-saharan-africa-might-be-region-hardest
Meiser, J. W. (2018). Introducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory. International Relations Theory.
Moravcsik, A. (1992). Liberalism and International Relations Theory.
OECD. (2020, March). OECD Economic Outlook Interim Report. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Pinto, J. (2018). Trump, a Nationalist and a Populist Leader. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research.
Seaman, J. (2020). China as Partner, Competitor, and Rival Amid Covid-19. In E. T. China, & J. Seaman (Ed.), Covid-19 and Europe-China Relations (pp. 5-8). European Think Tank Network on China.
UNDP. (1994). Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press.
Volodzko, D. (2016, April 12). China's Medical Diplomacy. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020, dari The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/chinas-medical-diplomacy/
WHO. (2020). COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness And Response Plan. World Health Organization. Dikutip Juni 26, 2020